>> /S /TD << /StemV 41 294 0 obj /P 87 0 R /K [ 431 0 R 433 0 R 435 0 R 437 0 R 439 0 R 441 0 R 443 0 R 445 0 R 447 0 R ] endobj /CA 1 endobj They have employed five stages [1]. 21 0 obj >> 384 0 obj /Pg 36 0 R endobj /K [ 287 0 R 289 0 R 291 0 R 293 0 R 295 0 R 297 0 R 299 0 R 301 0 R 303 0 R ] >> << /S /TD /K [ 84 0 R ] /K [ 290 0 R ] >> /S /P 220 0 obj Backed by sound economic policies and scaling up effective nutrition interventions and introducing endobj Demographic transition Bangladesh is facing . /AIS false /Pg 36 0 R >> /P 77 0 R disaggregated data show that disparities in access continue /Pg 36 0 R << << /Ascent 891 466 0 obj In: Structural change and dynamics of labor markets in Bangladesh. /Pg 3 0 R /K [ 19 ] >> Asia-Pacific Populat J 24(1):87116, Persson J (2002) Demographics, human capital, and economic growth: a study of US States 19302000. endobj /Type /FontDescriptor /P 253 0 R << /Pg 36 0 R /S /TD /Pg 3 0 R >> << /S /TD /Pg 36 0 R /K [ 100 0 R ] >> /P 142 0 R /FontFile2 501 0 R /P 118 0 R /Pg 3 0 R endobj /P 190 0 R endobj /Pg 3 0 R >> << /Descent -216 The World Bank, Washington DC, World Bank (2018) Bangladesh development update: powering the economy efficiently. /K [ 312 0 R ] >> /P 253 0 R << >> https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00160435, Canning D, Raja S, Yazbeck AS (eds) (2015a) Africas demographic transition: dividend or disaster? >> /StructParents 0 endobj /K [ 392 0 R ] endobj endobj /Pg 3 0 R J Econ Perspect 17(4):167190. /P 385 0 R /Pg 3 0 R 367 0 obj /CA 1 << /K [ 74 0 R ] >> /Subject (Economics) Children's Fund (UNICEF) jointly developed this report In 1997 CBR=21.0, CDR=5.5 and PGR=1.64, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2. /K [ 2 ] /P 295 0 R endobj /ca 1 /S /TD /K [ 97 ] endobj government's commitment to the well-being and << /Type /Pages /P 48 0 R 206 0 obj << /S /TD /S /TD particularly those for poverty reduction, gender parity in /CA 1 << /S /P /Pg 36 0 R 395 0 obj 14 0 obj /F7 23 0 R /P 473 0 R Stage 1 (High Fluctuating): The first stage consists of high birth and death rates. /P 242 0 R 327 0 obj back progress to the MDGs. /K [ 48 0 R ] /S /TR /K [ 479 0 R ] /S /P /S /TD 152 0 R 153 0 R 156 0 R 158 0 R 160 0 R 162 0 R 164 0 R 165 0 R 168 0 R 170 0 R 172 0 R /S /P >> endobj /P 166 0 R In 1983 CBR=35.0, CDR=12.3 and PGR=2.25, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2. This model helps to explain in which stages world's countries are considered considering demographic variable among five stages. endobj /P 317 0 R /Type /FontDescriptor 368 0 obj /K [ 104 ] This book addresses these fundamental questions, which are at the heart of development. /K [ 75 ] Since the annual growth rate was about 1.4 percent within the period 2001-2011 transition remains incomplete. 269 0 obj Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.TRF.PWKR.CD.DT?locations=BD, World Bank, World Development Indicators (2020d) Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15+) (modeled ILO estimate) [Data File]. /F2 7 0 R endobj The model will be described one to five stages with respect to Bangladesh. Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.TER.ENRR.FE?locations=BD, Young A (1995) The tyranny of numbers: confronting the statistical realities of the East Asian growth experience. /FirstChar 32 /Pg 36 0 R >> endobj << /Pg 3 0 R 24 0 obj /S /P /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding << << gained from increasing nutrition investments in the Kyrgyz /P 268 0 R >> /Pg 41 0 R >> /Pg 36 0 R /P 473 0 R << endobj National Bureau of Economic Research, Book 326 0 obj >> /K [ 107 0 R 109 0 R 111 0 R 113 0 R 115 0 R 117 0 R ] << /P 394 0 R /K [ 112 0 R ] battery energy storage systems (BESS) to the point of >> 268 0 obj << >> endobj endobj /P 48 0 R To know the demographic transition stages of Bangladesh, a demographic transition model will be used which has already developed. << /Pg 3 0 R >> Stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Model. >> endobj endobj /CIDSystemInfo 21 0 R Among the transition stages of demographic transition theory, in the first stage, BR and DR are increasing equally, as a result population growth rate is zero. /K [ 7 ] >> endobj 440 0 obj /K [ 54 ] /Pg 3 0 R endobj /S /TD >> 68 0 obj International economic association series. /P 358 0 R Demographic Transition Model. As a result there is a rapid population growth known as population explosion. endobj >> In the 5th stage, birth rate is very low compared to the death rate. /MaxWidth 2628 Norway has a BR of 11 and a DR of 9 which stage is it in? >> endobj >> In starting of 18th century, large numbers of countries in worldwide are in stage I or pre-transition stage because of no industrial revolution in that time. << /Pg 36 0 R In 1992 CBR=30.8, CDR=11.0 and PGR=2.03, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2. 526 0 obj /S /TD /S /P /S /Figure /Pg 36 0 R << /Pg 36 0 R 17 0 obj /Pg 36 0 R /K [ 426 0 R ] 322 0 obj /K [ 46 ] /K [ 33 ] /K 118 78 0 obj Econ. endobj Exclusion, capture, and Why are carefully designed, sensible policies too often not adopted or implemented? endobj /K [ 17 ] << /BM /Normal /S /P /F3 9 0 R /K 112 /S /TD endobj /P 340 0 R /S /P /P 473 0 R >> replacement rate (CBR = CDR) around year 2050. endobj /Pg 3 0 R /Pg 36 0 R endobj /K [ 438 0 R ] /K [ 184 0 R ] 114 0 obj /K [ 65 ] endobj >> >> /FirstChar 32 /P 48 0 R << /Pg 41 0 R /Pg 3 0 R /S /Figure endobj >> /P 178 0 R In 1982 CBR=34.8, CDR=12.2 and PGR=2.25, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2. /K [ 342 0 R ] /Widths 496 0 R 472 0 obj 323 0 obj JSMS-22-51406 (PQ); /P 214 0 R /S /Span >> 150 0 obj /Type /Group What are the disadvantages of a clapper bridge? endobj https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-013-0245-x, Eastwood R, Lipton M (2011) Demographic transition in sub-saharan Africa: how big will the economic dividend be? >> /P 425 0 R >> /AvgWidth 427 In the 4th stage CBR and CDR is very low and population growth is also low. endobj endobj >> /Pg 3 0 R endobj /S /P endobj United Nations publication, ESA/P/WP.201, pp 81102, McNicoll G (2006) Policy lessons of the East Asian demographic transition. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. A teacher walks into the Classroom and says If only Yesterday was Tomorrow Today would have been a Saturday Which Day did the Teacher make this Statement? 301 0 obj /P 106 0 R /Descent -216 /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman,Bold >> /K [ 71 ] /AvgWidth 412 /S /TD /S /P endobj /FontName /Times#20New#20Roman,BoldItalic /K [ 29 ] /P 69 0 R /RBGroups [ ] When they are, why do they often fail to generate development outcomes such as security, growth, and equity? << << /P 69 0 R 284 0 obj /K [ 191 0 R 193 0 R 195 0 R 197 0 R 199 0 R 201 0 R ] /P 322 0 R /K [ 60 ] /Pg 3 0 R /S /P << /S /TD Table 2: Bangladesh CBR, CDR and GR data of (1981-2018) taken from BBS. /BM /Normal /S /P << Recently there are different countries in stage V where population growth rate is negative i.e, Croatia, Estonia, Germany, Greece, Japan, Portugal and Ukraine. This book addresses these fundamental questions, which are at the heart of development. In short, there is as yet still << J. Soc. >> /S /TD Every nation undergoes age structural transition of population at three stages: i) increased child (0-14) dependency ratio, ii) increased working-age cohort (15-59), and iii) population ageing (Navaneetham and Dharmalingam 2012; Cruz and Ahmed 2018 ). 411 0 obj 109 0 obj Correspondence to /S /TD /Pg 3 0 R /Pg 3 0 R >> /Pg 25 0 R endobj /BM /Normal endobj << endobj /K [ 115 ] 413 0 obj endobj 318 0 obj /P 412 0 R /P 94 0 R Asian Econom Policy Rev 4(1):4564. 437 0 obj << /P 409 0 R /K [ 89 ] 343 0 obj /Pg 3 0 R endobj >> /K [ 7 ] 61 0 obj >> >> The difference is 0.9. >> 447 0 obj /K [ 146 0 R ] /S /TD /S /TD potential to improve health and economic outcomes through /FirstChar 32 /S /P World Bank, Washington DC, World Bank (2016) Global monitoring report 2015/2016development goals in an era of demographic change. endobj /SMask /None endobj >> Since a country wants to achieve replacement level so it tries to increase high birth rate and high death rate simultaneously. /Pg 3 0 R /P 130 0 R /P 48 0 R << endobj /S /Span /P 202 0 R /Pg 36 0 R 380 0 obj /K [ 79 ] 251 0 obj /BaseFont /Arial,Bold /P 130 0 R /K [ 436 0 R ] /S /TR /Filter /FlateDecode 15 0 obj /S /TD /Ascent 891 endobj >> endobj >> Population matters monograph MR-1274. << endobj >> /K [ 91 ] endobj /K [ 158 0 R ] /Pg 36 0 R /Widths 492 0 R In the second stage, since birth rate is so high and death rate started decreasing gradually, so population growth rate will be positive. endobj 503 0 obj endobj endobj /P 253 0 R The life cycle consumption model (Bloom et al, 2001 ) suggests that different age groups in a >> << >> where subsidies or incentives are used. 512 0 obj >> https://doi.org/10.1007/s12062-012-9071-y, Ogawa N, Chawla A (2009) Some new insights into the demographic transition and changing age structures in the ESCAP Region. >> education and health. 115 0 obj /S /TD /S /P /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj /P 159 0 R /Pg 36 0 R /K [ 44 ] /Pg 36 0 R /S /TR endobj Bangladesh CBR, CDR and GR data of (1981-2018) taken from BBS. 58 0 obj endobj /LastChar 124 >> /K [ 406 0 R ] 205 0 obj /S /P /P 145 0 R endobj << In 2011 to 2018, CDR of Bangladesh is also high but started decreasing which lies between (19.2-18.3). /Pg 36 0 R << This policy is not applicable to any information collected offline or via channels other than this website. >> /S /TD /Ascent 891 >> We used data from the national level census and surveys, the World Bank and data from the United Nations Population Division. So conclude that in the last ten years (1991-2000) Bangladesh lies on the second stage (Table 6). >> << /K [ 400 0 R ] /S /P << /P 358 0 R >> /Pg 36 0 R << /Pg 36 0 R >> /K [ 7 ] /TR /Identity >> transition- CBR is decreasing and beginning to converge with CDR. 309 0 obj In 1995 CBR= 26.5, CDR=8.7 and PGR=1.76, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2. /Pg 3 0 R /P 394 0 R the replacement level of fertility). /FontWeight 400 economic development, feasibility of education system, improvement in health sector, womens empowerment, migration system developing area to developed area etc. >> /K [ 454 0 R ] endobj >> /Descent -216 << /K [ 152 0 R ] >> shorter than the usual annual time steps of many power endobj 442 0 obj >> << /P 297 0 R Bangladesh has been a star performer on fertility reduction, reducing its TFR from 6.7 in 1960 to 2.1 in 2017 (i.e. /Pg 36 0 R >> has invested heavily in these sectors, particularly in /K [ 104 0 R ] 148 0 obj /Pg 41 0 R endobj /S /P endobj endobj /K [ 10 ] endobj 137 0 obj progress and current state of access and equity in these /K [ 9 ] /S /TD /S /P /K [ 95 0 R 97 0 R 99 0 R 101 0 R 103 0 R 105 0 R ] 53 0 obj >> /P 451 0 R /K [ 51 ] In 2011 to 2018, CDR of Bangladesh is also high but started decreasing and decreasing rate of CBR is also slow. before the global economic crisis, progress in achieving 8 Human Population. endobj /Pg 36 0 R /S /P << /S /P /Pg 36 0 R /P 433 0 R endobj << >> endobj >> 171 0 obj endobj /LastChar 122 263 0 obj << endobj >> << /K [ 156 0 R ] /K [ 298 0 R ] /K [ 95 ] /Pg 36 0 R 390 0 obj Migration cycle: The three stages of the migration processbefore, during, and after moving which can be. /P 455 0 R /ca 1 /S /TD >> endobj /P 242 0 R /Pg 36 0 R /K [ 354 0 R ] To accommodate this trend, advocacy for the creation of Japan's Digitalization Agency in 2020 was a symbolic turning point. << endobj /CA 1 /CA 1 297 0 obj /S /P /S /P 393 0 R 396 0 R 398 0 R 400 0 R 402 0 R 404 0 R 406 0 R 408 0 R 410 0 R 411 0 R 414 0 R /K [ 264 0 R ] /Pg 36 0 R /Type /Font /S /P /Pg 36 0 R endobj << /Pg 36 0 R endobj /S /P In: Raihan S (ed) Structural change and dynamics of labor markets in Bangladesh. /P 253 0 R 203 0 obj endobj 99 0 obj << /P 48 0 R In 1991 CBR=31.6, CDR=11.2 and PGR=2.18, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2. 49 0 R 49 0 R 49 0 R 49 0 R 49 0 R 49 0 R 49 0 R 49 0 R 49 0 R 49 0 R 49 0 R 49 0 R >> /S /TR According to the Bangladesh CBR data of (1981-2018) taken from BBS, it may be concluded that in 1981 to 1990, the CBR of Bangladesh was high which lies between (34.6-32.8). << /K [ 47 ] << /AIS false >> >> << /K [ 274 0 R ] /K [ 2 ] /K [ 200 0 R ] /Pg 3 0 R endobj Stage 4 Demographers calculate the crude birth rates and subtract the crude death rate to find the increase or decrease in population. In this stage the birth rate is less than the death rate as a result PGR will be negative. << /K [ 390 0 R ] << /Pg 3 0 R /Pg 25 0 R /Pg 36 0 R endobj /K [ 194 0 R ] /K [ 120 0 R ] endobj /S /P 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 ] /K [ 92 ] Demographic Transition Model The changes in population growth rates and the effect on population can be shown on the Demographic Transition Model (Population Cycle) - see diagram below: This can be divided into four stages: Stage 1 - High Fluctuating Birth Rate and Death rate are both high. /S /TD /P 243 0 R endobj /Pg 41 0 R /FontBBox [ -498 -216 1333 694 ] /P 253 0 R In 1993 CBR=28.8, CDR=10.0 and PGR=1.93, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2. /S /P /S /P Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS?locations=BD-1W, World Bank, World Development Indicators (2020g) School enrollment, tertiary, female (% gross) [Data File]. /K [ 5 ] /S /TR /P 412 0 R /P 358 0 R >> /P 244 0 R /TR /Identity /SMask /None In: Paper presented at the UNFPA/IFS expert group meeting on mainstreaming age structural transition into economic development and planning, 79 Oct 2008. /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman,BoldItalic /S /P endobj /S /P endobj /P 106 0 R It works on the premise that birth and death rates are connected to and correlate with stages of industrial . << [ 226 ] >> /P 166 0 R /S /TD /S /TD 209 0 obj /P 195 0 R << 60 0 obj /K [ 77 ] /OCGs [ 505 0 R ] /S /P >> << endobj /FontBBox [ -665 -210 2000 728 ] /Flags 32 https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/12.3.419, Bloom DE, Canning D, Sevilla J (2001) Economic growth and the demographic transition (No. >> >> /S /TD /P 118 0 R /K [ 78 ] Stage 3: Population Growth Starts to Level Off. The transition to Stage 2 is still a relatively recent phenomenon in human history. 172 0 obj /Leading 33 273 0 obj << endobj /K [ 25 ] >> /SMask /None >> /P 443 0 R endobj And why do some bad policies endure? >> /P 268 0 R /Pg 3 0 R << /K 64 >> /Pg 36 0 R Popul Dev Rev 32(1):125. /P 48 0 R << In 2011 to 2018, CBR of Bangladesh is also high but started decreasing which lies between (19.2-18.3). /Pg 3 0 R /Pg 36 0 R /K [ 70 ] /P 185 0 R According to data, from the four decades of Bangladesh concluding that still now crude birth rate is so high. World Dev 35(1):123. << It increases labor and growth through three ways. At terms of the Demographic Transition Model, Japan is now in stage 5 at the present. /K [ 362 0 R ] /P 82 0 R << /K [ 6 ] IMF, Washington, D.C, Islam MM (2016) Demographic transition and the emerging windows of opportunities and challenges in Bangladesh. /K [ 74 ] << 427 0 obj endobj << endobj endobj /Pg 36 0 R endobj /K [ 131 0 R 133 0 R 135 0 R 137 0 R 139 0 R 141 0 R ] /Pg 3 0 R endobj The above information showed that in 1981 to 1990 CDR is slowly decreasing and 1991 to 2000 decreasing rate of CDR is so high and 2001 to 2010 decreasing rate of CBR is negative and 2011 to 2018 decreasing rate of CBR is also slow. /AIS false /S /P In the third world countries many economists unrecognized of the speedy population growth which would confine economic improvement. endobj /Pg 25 0 R 454 0 obj before the global Situational Analysis : Improving Economic Outcomes by Expanding Nutrition Programming in the Kyrgyz Republic. 62 0 obj /K [ 408 0 R ] /Type /StructTreeRoot >> human development in any society. for a reliable assessment of costs and benefits are much >> /K [ 95 ] endobj The demographic transition theory is an explanation of the change << /K [ 72 ] /K [ 172 0 R ] /K [ 203 0 R 205 0 R 207 0 R 209 0 R 211 0 R 213 0 R ] 134 0 obj >> >> /K [ 0 ] United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, New York, Wongboonsin K, Phiromswad P (2017) Searching for empirical linkages between demographic structure and economic growth. /K [ 198 0 R ] endobj >> fertility rate (TFR) in Bangladesh, 1963-1996 Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Pocket Book, 1983-1996 (Becker, 1991). /S /TD have been without the crisis. /K [ 50 ] /K [ 380 0 R ] endobj 20 0 obj /Descent -216 Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), Dhaka, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) (2021b) Statistical year book Bangladesh 2020. /P 379 0 R >> endobj /S /P /Subtype /HF /Resources << endobj << The Life Cycle Consumption Model. /S /P /Pg 3 0 R /S /P passes through mainly three stages of demographic transition and the stages can be are . 284 0 R 285 0 R 288 0 R 290 0 R 292 0 R 294 0 R 296 0 R 298 0 R 300 0 R 302 0 R 303 0 R /S /TD >> /S /P endobj << /Pg 3 0 R /K [ 208 0 R ] >> /S /P /S /P /Pg 3 0 R volume24,pages 108126 (2022)Cite this article. The World Bank Office, Dhaka, World Bank, World Development Indicators (2020a) GDP per capita (current US$) [Data File]. << << /Pg 3 0 R /Pg 3 0 R /S /TD /ca 1 399 0 obj /Pg 3 0 R endobj /LastChar 32 << /S /P /Pg 30 0 R /LastChar 32 During the liberation war period, the economy of Bangladesh was marked by rapid population growth, a weak resource base, ongoing food shortages, heavy reliance on foreign aid and imports . The demographic transition model will be used to complete this research. >> << /K [ 79 ] /Pg 36 0 R endobj >> /P 394 0 R 158 0 obj https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2018.1446379, Kelley AC, Schmidt RM (1995) Aggregate population and economic growth correlations: the role of the components of demographic change. /P 48 0 R [ 13 0 R ] /P 358 0 R 174 0 obj /MaxWidth 2614 >> Projections predict that Bangladesh's population will reach its The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. << /CA 1 /Encoding /Identity-H /BM /Normal /P 130 0 R 274 0 obj /K [ 428 0 R ] endobj new proven interventions to reduce the direct causes of /Pg 36 0 R The World Bank and The United Nations /P 448 0 R 402 0 obj /S /P THE FORERUNNERS The demographic transition model began as a classification of populations differentiated by different combinations of fertility and mortality. /K [ 65 0 R ] /P 331 0 R 355 0 obj << /Marked true /K [ 215 0 R 217 0 R 219 0 R 221 0 R 223 0 R 225 0 R ] /P 243 0 R endobj /Pg 36 0 R [ 239 0 R 240 0 R 241 0 R 245 0 R 247 0 R 249 0 R 251 0 R 252 0 R 258 0 R 260 0 R 179 0 obj /S /TR << /P 75 0 R /Leading 42 /Pg 36 0 R endobj 321 0 obj /P 461 0 R endobj /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman << endobj /S /P Rev Econ Stat 90(4):643665. /P 82 0 R /Pg 36 0 R /Pg 3 0 R /P 82 0 R >> /K [ 148 0 R ] /Pg 36 0 R Hence finally it may be said that using the demographic transition model Bangladesh is still now staying in stage two. >> /S /TD << /SMask /None /P 453 0 R << /K 31 /Pg 36 0 R /K [ 69 ] Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. /ParentTreeNextKey 5 /K [ 57 ] 124 0 obj 393 0 obj /S /TD /P 287 0 R /Pg 3 0 R 357 0 obj /K [ 86 ] /K 58 << /Pg 36 0 R >> /P 48 0 R 237 0 obj endobj 370 0 obj /Pg 36 0 R /S /LBody /Pg 3 0 R /MaxWidth 1743 43 0 obj Ch. Country to country varies fertility rates because of many biological and political reasons (Table 1). /S /TR Economist said that about 50% populations will be increase over this century where world environmentalist declares that already worlds population is outbreak of the biosphere [4]. endobj >> 45 0 obj 79 [ 278 778 556 500 500 ] 85 [ 389 389 278 ] 89 [ 444 667 ] 182 [ 333 ] ] << 406 0 obj /Pg 36 0 R /K [ 71 ] 118 0 obj endobj >> /K [ 102 ] endobj << /Ordering (Identity) /FontDescriptor 6 0 R /Pg 41 0 R /Pg 36 0 R /K [ 54 ] << /Pg 36 0 R /Pg 3 0 R /P 333 0 R << /S /TD /K [ 294 0 R ] /K [ 487 0 R ] /S /P 329 0 obj << /P 376 0 R >> Stage 3: Population Growth Starts to Level Off. /Pg 3 0 R >> /K [ 47 ] Because of womens entering in every sector such as government job sector, private sector, agriculture sector, political sector, industrialized sector etc. endobj The difference is 1.8. << 91 0 obj >> However, who bargains, who is excluded, and what barriers block entry to the policy arena determine the selection and implementation of policies and, consequently, their impact on development outcomes. /P 95 0 R endobj /ca 1 /S /P /Pg 30 0 R 221 0 obj 225 0 obj /MaxWidth 1948 161 0 obj /P 214 0 R /CapHeight 693 endobj In 1991-2000, Although CBR, CDR and PGR were gradually decreasing, concluding that Bangladesh lies on the second stage based on demographic transition model. /K [ 150 0 R ] 163 0 obj 169 0 obj /K [ 61 ] /Pg 3 0 R According to data, from the four decades of Bangladesh concluding that crude death rate is high and consequently gradually decreasing. /Pg 36 0 R >> /K [ 186 0 R ] /S /TD /FontDescriptor 22 0 R /P 394 0 R /Subtype /TrueType /S /P /S /TD << /BaseFont /Helvetica The difference is 12.6. 379 0 obj /Pg 3 0 R >> The third (and last) stage is also one of low growth in a developed society where both the death rate and birth rate have been reduced considerably and the difference between them is again small. /Pg 36 0 R /Pg 36 0 R /Pg 36 0 R /Pg 3 0 R /S /TD /S /TD /K 112 /S /P /K [ ] /K [ 2 ] /P 304 0 R /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman,BoldItalic 92 0 obj >> /FontDescriptor 44 0 R /Pg 36 0 R /FontName /Times#20New#20Roman >> 101 0 obj >> /K [ 14 ] /S /P /Pg 36 0 R /S /LI /S /TD https://doi.org/10.1257/089533003772034943, Lee R, Mason A (eds) (2011) Population aging and the generational economy: a global perspective. << /P 243 0 R 162 0 obj << >> /Pg 36 0 R endobj /Pg 36 0 R /XHeight 250 >> /P 383 0 R /K [ 90 0 R ] /K [ 328 0 R ] /P 139 0 R /P 106 0 R In 1981 CBR=34.6, CDR=11.5 and PGR=2.28, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2. endobj /K [ 90 ] 189 0 obj /K [ 35 ] /Supplement 0 >> The model has 5 stages: ---> Natural disasters and pandemics such as Covid 19 can cause high death rates and the aftermath of wars can cause baby booms. /K [ 20 ] >> /S /P /Pg 36 0 R /S /P /Pg 36 0 R Challenge and solutions. endobj /S /TR << /Pg 36 0 R 65 0 obj /K [ 83 ] The decline in birth rate is dependent on the economic and social factors [12]. << 74 0 obj /Subtype /Type0 The World Bank, Washington DC, Center for Policy Dialogue (CPD) (2018) Bangladesh economy in FY2017-18: interim review of macroeconomic performance. 385 0 obj /P 430 0 R 344 0 obj endobj /P 242 0 R 192 0 obj << /K [ 57 ] << This data has been used to develop a model showing how population changes as a country develops. /P 48 0 R /P 137 0 R