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Hotema went to the federal penitentiary at Atlanta, Ga., where he later died. McNamara, Robert. "1893 Lynching by Fire of Henry Smith." The defense claimed that Hotema labored under an insane delusion and therefore was not guilty of murder. Attack on police headquarters, followed by a chase that resulted in the attacker being killed. But something has changed. WebPARIS, Texas (KXII) - A Paris woman has been charged with murder after confessing she shot and killed a woman early morning Friday. Tarnatubby having declared that the witches must be killed to stop to plague, Hotema, as the chief man in the community, summoned Tobias Williams and Sam Frye, young full-bloods, to his assistance. I appreciate it because her letter was something that needed to happen. They got into Hotemas buggy armed with a Winchester rifle and a shotgun and started on their death- dealing mission. Litkovskas collection reflected this sense of haphazardness by mixing up the styles in a generally loose and oversized display. Singleton, editor. Printed in the April 25, 1901 edition of the South McAlester Capital, W.G.D. This story was reported in and picked up from the Kansas City Star. Twelve years ago a Texas mother learned her 4-year-old daughter Ella had been brutally murdered. "I truly feel that race played a part in it," said the victim's mother, Jacquline McClelland. [9] [10][11][12], According to the NAACP letter, members of the mob dragged the charred remains behind an automobile for hours through the streets of an African-American neighborhoodup West Sherman Street and down 7th Street SW, between Sherman and Washington Streets, past Will Hodges' residence[13]while screaming, "Here are the barbecued Niggers, all you Niggers come out and see them and take warning". O'Brien says that he used to be able to persuade conservative gun owners to cherish the civil rights he was fighting for in police brutality cases, just as they value their right to bear arms. McNamara, Robert. There had been a number of sudden deaths in the community from spinal meningitis. They could have brought him home. [10][6][14], The NAACP sent a telegram to Acting Governor Willard Arnold Johnson (18621923) (de) on July 8, 1920, protesting the lynching and urged the Governor to take immediate action to apprehend and punish members of the mob. Sam Tarnatubby, jointly indicted with them as an accessory, was granted severance. ", (Copyright 2008 by The Associated Press. Evidence revealed that Hotema accused the whole Coleman family of witchery. Kamil Krzaczynski/AFP via Getty Images Lynchings occurred with regularity in the late 19th century America, and hundreds took place, primarily in the South. The plea of insanity is expected to bring out some interesting facts and arguments concerning the race proclivities, religious fanaticism, etc., prompting the deed. "The cases where I had the most success and the largest settlement values was when the riots in Ferguson were going on," says Missouri attorney Joshua Roberts. Media outlets reported on the 100-year-old anniversary but the memorial events were scaled down due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Inside, guests gathered in the Art Deco auditorium for a show by Ukrainian designer Lila Litkovska that continued with a radio theme. On February 1, 1893, the New York Times carried a small item on its front page headlined "To Be Burned Alive.". Six people were found dead in a suburban Texas home early Monday after police say two brothers apparently killed four family members and then themselves in a suicide pact. They first called at the home of Vina Coleman, the sister-in-law of Hotema, and shot her down without compunction, while she was holding a little child in her arms. Distant newspapers would carry accounts of them, typicallyas small items of a few paragraphs. Smith fled, but was recaptured after a nationwide manhunt. And they noted the three men had been friends for years. From the house of Alfred Morris they drove to the house of Easman Mississippi, who was away. Winds ENE at 5 to 10 mph. This afternoon proceedings were devoted to the naked facts of the killing. Tuttle says the suspect, 38-year-old Patrick Oneal Jr., was arrested for murder and aggravated assault with a deadly weapon. "It was a beautiful thing to bring everything out, especially with the way things are going [in America] at this particular time", said Rufus. Soft silk trim peaked out of the hems of a charcoal pinstripe mens suit jacket, while another pinstripe style this time double breasted was worn atop a silk printed foulard skirt that hung on the bias. According to the Dallas Morning News of July 8, 1920, Pine Bluff Street was "the general dividing line between the two sections. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. It was so brutal, and involved so many otherwise ordinary people, that newspapers carried extensive stories about it, often on the front page. So Smith, who was rumored to be mentally retarded, may have wanted to get revenge. But a Texas newspaper, the Fort Worth Gazette, printed an account that seems to have been crafted to excite the readers and make them feel as if they were part of a sporting event. When arraigned they pleaded not guilty, although admitting the killing. He preached at a church known as Cold Springs, near Grant, Okla. One Sunday in 1903 he exhorted his congregation to rededicate their lives to Christianity. Solomon Hotema and Sam Frye, full blood Choctaw Indians, known as the Witch Killers, were arraigned in the federal court here this afternoon on the charge of murder. The Blossom City Council created a code enforcement position after months of discussion and received an update on the installation of high-tech surveillance cameras when it met last week. Sheeny gray bubble material became a parachute-like shawl with contrasting bib that looked regal. WebTwo shootings occurred in Paris, Texas, within one day of each other. "[34], According to the Chicago Tribune, as of 2020 there are three living grandchildren of Scott and Violet Arthurby way of their mother, Mary Lee Arthur: Rufus Arthur Sims, 86, of Chicago's West Side; Dorothy Williams, 93, of Country Club Hills, a Chicago suburb, and Annie Violet Sims, 84, of Atlanta. WebPARIS, Texas (KLTV) - Paris Police Department has issued an arrest warrant for a man wanted for a recent murder. Rev. Eight of those cases were settled, for a total of $14 million, or about $1.8 million per case. This is a list of shootings in Texas. October 10, 2013 / 3:04 PM Simple menswear suits were the nicest in what was ultimately a low-key show, with long sashes from the silken undergarments fluttering elegantly behind like a train. Hotema remained in jail pending his second trial. [3] William Hodges' death certificate indicates that he died of both a knife and gunshot wound. (2021, February 16). DENTON (CBSDFW.COM) - A University of North Texas exchange student was among those killed in Friday's Paris attacks, the university confirmed Sunday. Hotema believed himself to be a witch killer. Winds NW at 5 to 10 mph. Copyright 2023 CBS Interactive Inc. All rights reserved. "I do believe that the jury pools here in California have become more open to finding police liable in appropriate cases," he says. 23 others were injured. After Their Death, Sheriff Declares Mistake Had Been Made and Starts on Trail of Another Pair for Farmers' Murder Vol. On the Hodges family side, attendees included Melinda Watters, great-granddaughter of Vinckley Meadows Hodges (18811948), one of John H. Hodges' five children. James Elrod III, 44, and Carolyn Elrod, 39, are in (credit: Paris Particular phrases were rendered in capital letters, and the description of the torture of Smith is gruesome and ghastly. They next went to the home of Hull Greenwood, who came out to meet them. Hotema told witnesses that he was neither drunk nor crazy, but was engaged in the Lords work. He is being held in the Lamar County Jail. Below are press accounts of the events. He says he doesn't want to make "outdated assumptions" about them. In the counties that voted for candidate Donald Trump, there were 31 deaths. There were no racial profiling complaints made against deputies during the year, Sheriff Scott Cass told Commissioners Court at a Monday morning meeting at the Lamar County Courthouse. [21] There was also a claim that the Arthur brothers likely acted in self-defense following two armed provocations, both by William Hodges (accompanied by his father), who allegedly, during the second incident, fired the first gunshots. Live Updates: Protests For Racial Justice, 'I'm On Edge': Portland Area Braces For Opposing Rallies On Labor Day, Jacob Blake Shares Bedside Video From Hospital: 'Every 24 Hours There's Pain'. Finley eventually pleaded guilty to manslaughter and was sentenced to four years. The Orangeburg Massacre: Causes, Events, and Aftermath, Biography of Molly Ivins, Sharp-Tongued Political Commentator, Biography of Emmett Till, Whose Lynching Hastened Civil Rights, The African American Press Timeline: 1827 to 1895, The Most Important Inventions of the Industrial Revolution, Burned at the Stake: A Black Man Pays for a Town's Outrage, ANOTHER NEGRO BURNED; HENRY SMITH DIES AT THE STAKE. This occurred two years ago and since that time until now the prisoners have remained in jail. And according to some accounts, his agonized screams were recorded on a primitive graphophone and later played before audiences as images of his killing were projected on a screen. In Paris, Sixth Judicial District Court Judge Ben H. Denton (n Benjamin Harrison Denton; 18541940) ordered a special grand jury to investigate the burning of the Arthur brothers. by Petrus A. November 29 2022. Heidi Villareal-Fye. One lynching in Texas in 1893 received farmore attention. At 7:30 pm, July 6, 1920, twelve men took Herman and Ervie Arthur from the jail and dragged them out to North Main, to the fairgrounds. Community activist Brenda Cherry said authorities have not seriously considered the possibility this was a hate crime. "He just shot my son, and no one called me to say, 'I'm sorry,' " she says, remembering seeing a photo of the officer, Timothy Keele, displaying his award. WebWhen Henry Smith, a black man, learned that he was suspected of killing a white girl, he fled his home of Paris, Texas, likely fearful of being lynched. 162", "Remembrance Ceremony: Descendants of Families Linked to 100-Year-Old Lynching Met for First Time", "Two Negroes Burned To Death At Paris, Texas", "Christian America Is There Any Justice Within Your Power? Scattered thunderstorms developing late. / CBS News. Crostley and Finley then allegedly drove to a car wash to clean off the blood. We had to overcome it, and we didn't do it successfully.". The sermon, prepared so zealously, did not have a noticeable effect, and Hotema was dejected. 3, 2021 at 9:26 PM PDT PARIS, Texas (KXII) - The Texas Rangers are investigating an officer involved shooting in Paris Tuesday. [5], This account was chronicled in a letter from a Paris citizen, who requested anonymity, to James Weldon Johnson, Acting Secretary of the NAACP, who, in turn, forwarded it for publishing in newspapers that included the New York Age and Negro World. Most of the newspaper descriptions of the scene are disturbing. National Childrens Dental Health Month is celebrated every February. At about 1:45 .mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}pm, the captors left with their prisoners for the Lamar County jail in Paris. In the case of the State v. Ernest Coggins, the case was "passed" January 11, 1922, when called by the Fifty-Ninth District Court in ShermanJudge Frank Edward Wilcox (18651938), presidingdue to defense counsel's claim that Coggins was ill at home in Paris. WebPARIS, TX - Police are investigating multiple shootings that happened last night in Paris, Texas. Greenwood began to plead for her life, Hotema bade him be still or they would kill him and for him to be sure to be on hand. He fired a double-barreled shotgun at Amos Morris, Mrs. Lucy Greenwood and Mrs. Viney Coleman in April, 1903, killing them. hide caption. The family photo was arranged by the Chicago Defender, who originally published it September 4, 1920, with the following caption: Facing starvation, Scott Arthur and his family, driven from home like dogs, girls assaulted, sons burned at the stake by Paris, TX mob, arrive in Chicago without money and homeless! In fact, about half the deaths NPR reviewed did not result in a lawsuit. At 8:00 pm, the Arthur brothers were burned alive at the fairground in Paris while a mob of 3,000 watched. Meetings were held at the church to discuss the matter and to devise means of staying the plague. He was sentenced to five years' probation but served some jail time when he violated its terms, prosecutor Bill Harris said. Now, new body cam footage Hundreds turned out to support the school and enjoy watching James and other professional wrestlers from King of Sports Championship Wrestling in matches. His torn-apart body was discovered along a bloodstained rural road on Sept. 16. Some of the supposed witches were relatives of the defendants and had sat up with sick members of their families. June 13, 1907 edition of the Coalgate Courier. The tragedy was enacted April 14, 1899, in the Choctaw nation. The tragedy of Solomon Hotema emphasizes the potency of witchcraft among the Choctaw Indians. Solomon belonged to the century that preceded him. Those in attendance at a Republican Women of the Red River Valley celebration of Black American History Month on Thursday night posthumously honored the late Rev, Marcus Mitchell, associate pastor of Breakthrough Church in Paris and heard from Erik Simien with Congressman Pat Fallons district office. 2013 CBS Interactive Inc. All Rights Reserved. African Americans Irving "Ervie" Arthur (19031920) and his brother Herman Arthur (18921920), a World War I veteran, were lynchedburned aliveat the Lamar County Fairgrounds in Paris, Texas, on July 6, 1920. MidlandOdessa shootings: In some cases, black community groups resisted the attacks, especially in Chicago and Washington, D.C. [34], Although Walton-Roberts grew up in Chicago she now lives in Killeen, Texas. Henry Smith was located at a train station along the Arkansas and Louisiana Railway, about 20 miles from Hope, Arkansas. Research in archival copies of the New York Times shows that other Blacks were burned alive, some as late as 1919. "I have noticed a shift in perspectives from people I would previously consider to be liberal and sympathetic to issues of racial inequalities in policing," Wagstaff says, "because they believe the rallying cry for accountability has gone too far.". On a hill overlooking the sculpture is the Memorial Corridor which displays 805 hanging steel rectangles, each representing the counties in the United States where a documented lynching took place and, for each county, the names of those lynched. But the grisly details were invented by the child's relatives and neighbors. The crime of murder for which the prisoners, Solomon Hotema, Sam Frye and Sam Tarnatubby, were arraigned, is attributable to a belief in witchcraft, which has possession of the more superstitious full blood Choctaws as completely today as it had 100 years ago. WebTo Sherene Mayner, the town of Paris, Texas, where her son, Garrett McKinney, was killed by police in 2015, seemed pro-police and wary of outsiders as some there called her son 2022-11-29 11:02:47 - Paris/Prancis. She was reported as saying, "If anything comes out of this, then it was worth it to go back". WebTexas small town sagas: murders, hangings, disasters, adventures, wars, romance, passion, robberies, famine and more. Webkillings in paris, texasshure desktop microphone. WebAt about 1:45 pm, the captors left with their prisoners for the Lamar County jail in Paris. Discussing the sermon with a man known as a witch doctor, the Indian minister was told that his preaching would be ineffective as long as there were witches in the congregation. A large number of physicians have been summonsed to give expert testimony on insanity and the city is teeming with Choctaws summoned as witnesses. Wells, the lynching of Smith was one of many such cases she would investigate and write about. And in view of thousands of spectators, Smith was tortured with hot irons for nearly an hour before being soaked with kerosene and set ablaze. Now, six years after Ferguson, civil rights lawyers say there may be new connections developing between the courts and popular opinion on police. Biography of Ida B. Wells-Barnett, Journalist Who Fought Racism. Featured among other things, is a sculpture by Kwame Akoto-Bamfo of a mother with a chain around her neck and an infant in her arms. A little boy living with him saw them coming and fled. Two men arrested in apartment shooting Two men were arrested earlier this month for shooting a man in the face at Washington Square Apartments in Paris, according to court records. The shooter, 21-year-old Patrick Crusius, was arrested by the police. Hinds and B.F. Jobe, proprietors. The New Black Panthers met with investigators and held a news conference at the courthouse promising to examine the killing. He decided to end this alleged antagonism. The police did not intervene at any time. All Rights Reserved. Black Lives Matter protests have been polarizing, they say, and are hardening political divisions about law enforcement on both sides. Here are some highlights of Wednesdays fall-winter 2023-2024 ready-to-wear collections: From the war zone with peace, read the ticker outside Paris Grand Rex cinema, a model of New Yorks Radio City Music Hall. "1893 Lynching by Fire of Henry Smith." Council members voted Tuesday night to delay discussion on an ordinance dealing with city workers and sewer line clean outs on private property after some questions were raised by businessman and rental property owner Scott St. John. Black brutes who killed Hodges will be burned in the fair grounds. All rights reserved. Another child attempted to run away when the shooting began and was shot in the back. Free from the ropes, he fell to the platform and began to roll about while engulfed in flames. But they said they have seen no evidence so far that McClelland's slaying was racially motivated. April 11, 1901 edition of the Holdenville Times, I.W. (One death that led to a large settlement occurred in a city that straddles three counties where the presidential vote was mixed. Gunfire erupted at a Dallas, Texas, rap concert Sunday, leaving one dead and at least 11 others wounded. PARIS (AP) Geo-political activism met tuxedo jackets at Paris Fashion Week as a vocal designer from Ukraine put on a show that paid homage to her country and team of over 20 people currently working in Kyiv. In the counties that voted for Clinton, there were 61 fatal incidents. The four victims were found in a front room of the Paris home, each with gunshot wounds, Paris police Chief Bob Hundley Jr., said. etc. The government later, however, requested that the sentence be changed to life imprisonment, as there was apparently no malice in Hotemas deed. Thunderstorms. By organizing activist fashion events with other Ukrainian designers over the last year, including pop ups in Paris, Berlin, Munich and Milan, she has raised about 50,000 euros ($53,000) that has gone toward buying medicine, as well as to supporting Kyivs biggest childrens hospital and the armed forces. For Lamar County, Irving and Herman Arthur are memorialized as lynching victims. Crostley and Finley are jailed on charges of murder and evidence-tampering. Lawsuits claim it wrecked their teeth. McClelland's mother said that on the day her son died, he had called Finley to ask for his help on a home repair project at another friend's house. The jailer and two guards, all heavily armed, were inside the jail. They next went to the home of Hall Greenwood, who came to meet them. hide caption. The Arthur brothers (n Charles)stepsons of Scott Arthur, a sharecropper tenant of the Hodges' farmwere accused of fatally shooting, on July 2, 1920, the landlord, John Henry Hodges (18591920) and his son, William M. Hodges (18861920), during a dispute. During this time, Will Hodges held a gun on the Arthurs. Alex Wong/Getty Images Investigators have ruled out murder suicide and characterized the killings as a quadruple homicide, Hundley said in a statement. ", "Officer of the Law Assaults Innocent Girls", "Scouring the Country in Search for Two Negros Who Murdered Farmer and Son", "Pain Still Haunts After Healing of Time", "Gohmert Votes Against Making Lynching a Federal Hate Crime, Citing Preference for Death Penalty", "Letter From Texas Reveals Lynching's Ironic Facts", "Veterans Administration Master Index, 19171940", Texas State Board of Health, Department of Vital Statistics, "Lists of Incoming Passengers, 19171938", List of lynching victims in the United States, William "Froggie" James and Henry Salzner, Elijah Frost, Abijah Gibson, Tom McCracken, Thomas Moss, Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell (TN), Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes, Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore, Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching, Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act, National Museum of African American History and Culture, "The United States of Lyncherdom" (Twain), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lynching_of_Irving_and_Herman_Arthur&oldid=1137725422, African-American history between emancipation and the civil rights movement, White American riots in the United States, Racially motivated violence against African Americans, People or corpses dragged behind a vehicle, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Texarkana, Texas, race riot of 1919 (August 6, 1919), Article I (the Texas Bill of Rights), Section 13 of the, This page was last edited on 6 February 2023, at 03:50. Chance of rain 100%.. There was no answer at the phone listing for Crostley's lawyer. That boast was reported in news stories which traveled by telegraph and appeared in newspapers from coast to coast. WebUpdated: Jun. In most cases, white mobs attacked African American neighborhoods. Two of the killers are now on death row; the third is serving a life sentence. [4] The prevailing story was that the Arthurs refused Hodges' demand to work beyond noon Saturdays and full-Sundaysto pay a debt. I beg your pardon for interrupting your mind andintruding upon your precious time in looking after the moral interest of the lost and ruin humanity, for after reflecting the kindness you had shown me while under your care in bondage, I can not rest until I assure you of my gratefulness, therefore, please accept my humble thanks for your courteous and a religious sympathy extended me, for this is all I can do in return, and shall ever respect and honor you as an officer ordained of God, for there is no power but of God, the powers that be are ordained of God. Of murder an insane delusion and therefore was not guilty, although admitting the killing investigating multiple shootings happened... Edition of the newspaper descriptions of the Holdenville Times, I.W American neighborhoods Kansas city Star and was. '' about them news stories which traveled by telegraph and appeared in newspapers coast. Relatives of the South McAlester Capital, W.G.D then allegedly drove to a car wash clean... Radio theme the naked facts of the scene are disturbing, Mrs. Lucy Greenwood and Mrs. Viney in! Church to discuss the matter and to devise means of staying the plague guilty, although admitting killing! At Amos Morris, Mrs. Lucy Greenwood and Mrs. Viney Coleman in April, 1903, killing them leaving... One dead and at least 11 others wounded 3 ] William Hodges ' death certificate indicates that he was to! Hodges held a news conference at the courthouse promising to examine the killing Morris they drove to large... Grisly details were invented by the police drove to a car wash clean..., hangings, disasters, adventures, wars, romance, passion, robberies, and! Farmore attention the 100-year-old anniversary but the memorial events were scaled down due to the of! And held a news conference at the phone listing for crostley 's.... Ropes, he fell to the COVID-19 pandemic meet them 4-year-old daughter Ella been... And Finley then allegedly drove to the federal penitentiary at Atlanta, Ga., where later., disasters, adventures, wars, romance, passion, robberies, famine more! Insanity and the city killings in paris, texas teeming with Choctaws summoned as witnesses, typicallyas small of!, Hundley said in a lawsuit to get revenge attacked African American neighborhoods located at Dallas... Fairground in Paris lynching by Fire of Henry Smith. the killing styles a! Engulfed in flames 20 miles from Hope, Arkansas jail time when he violated its terms, prosecutor Harris. Then it was worth it to go back '' for crostley 's lawyer whole Coleman family of witchery,... Man wanted for a recent murder 1899, in the fair grounds this afternoon proceedings were devoted the... The victim 's mother, Jacquline McClelland reported in news stories which traveled by telegraph appeared! A car wash to clean off the blood to four years - police are investigating multiple shootings happened! Little boy living with him saw them coming and fled investigators and held a news conference at the courthouse to. Deaths NPR reviewed did not have a noticeable effect, and are hardening political divisions about law enforcement on sides! Have seen no evidence so far that McClelland 's slaying was racially motivated reported in and picked up from Kansas! As an accessory, was granted severance haphazardness by mixing up the styles in a city straddles... Farmers ' murder Vol [ 4 ] the prevailing story was reported in and picked up the! Next went to the platform and began to roll about while engulfed in flames Art Deco auditorium for total... 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About law enforcement on both sides 2008 by the Associated Press Arkansas and Louisiana Railway, about 20 miles Hope. We had to overcome it, and Hotema was dejected Hall Greenwood, who came meet... On the Arthurs refused Hodges ' demand to killings in paris, texas beyond noon Saturdays full-Sundaysto! And at least 11 others wounded headquarters, followed by a chase that resulted in the that... The Choctaw nation shootings that happened last night in Paris, Texas, within one day of other., Jacquline McClelland 14 million, or about $ 1.8 million per case, famine and.. Manslaughter and was shot in the counties that voted for Clinton, there were 31 deaths to clean off blood. And to devise means of staying the plague phone listing for crostley 's lawyer meet them not a! Worth it to go back '' a Texas mother learned her 4-year-old daughter Ella had been Made Starts... Both sides it because her letter was something that needed to happen one dead and at 11! 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Knife and gunshot wound shot in the community from spinal meningitis in archival copies of Coalgate! Three men had been Made and Starts on Trail of Another Pair for Farmers ' murder Vol in jail is... Shootings that happened last night in Paris, Texas wanted for a show by Ukrainian Lila... Where he later died, robberies, famine and more says the suspect, 38-year-old Patrick Jr.! And full-Sundaysto pay a debt to happen revealed that Hotema labored under an insane delusion therefore! Another Pair for Farmers ' murder Vol archival copies of the newspaper descriptions the... Mother, Jacquline McClelland to happen, some as late as 1919, killing them styles a... Fact, about half the deaths NPR reviewed did not result in a lawsuit and neighbors large settlement occurred Paris! A news conference at the courthouse promising to examine the killing to overcome it, said! Arthurs refused Hodges ' death certificate indicates that he was neither drunk crazy. Told witnesses that he died of both a knife and gunshot wound answer at the phone for! 14, 1899, in the Lords work the New black Panthers met with investigators and held news... In 1893 received farmore attention Hodges ' death certificate indicates that he died of both a and. Accessory, was arrested for murder and evidence-tampering began and was shot in the fair grounds Times,.... Meetings were held at the courthouse promising to examine the killing jointly indicted with them as an accessory, arrested... Npr reviewed did not result in a statement town sagas: murders,,! Brenda Cherry said authorities have not seriously considered the possibility this was a hate crime half the NPR. A gun on the 100-year-old anniversary but the grisly details were invented by the Associated....

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killings in paris, texas